Computer chatter 1:
Networks and data transmission

Learning hook

This activity can be made as long or as short as you wish; whilst you can make it a short learning hook, there is potential to revisit this activity as the hook to Computer chatter 2: Network performance.

Transportation networks

1. Provide each student with a copy of a transit network map (for example, the Sydney or London train networks).

   In both networks there are multiple ways to get from one station to the other. For this activity, the Sydney network will be used in the examples given. (Here are some useful links: Sydney Train Network, Transport Sydney Trains)

   Ideally, localise the context by using a transportation network in your local city, but if you choose to do this make sure the network provides alternative routes to most destinations.

2. Give each student a starting point and destination on the network (for example, Liverpool and Chatswood).

   It is up to you how many different routes you want to distribute throughout the class, but have about four students working on each route (so, in a class of 24, you would have six different routes shared between the students).

3. Have each student individually come up with a route from their starting point to their destination, identifying where they need to stop to change trains, and which lines they are riding on. Once they've got their route worked out, group them up with other students who were doing the same route, and have them share and discuss their solutions. 

   Have them answer the following questions:

   • How many students in your group chose the same route?
   • How many different routes were chosen?
   • What were the differences between each route? (This might include the number of stops, the number of lines used, the ‘directness’ of the route, etc.)
   • Why did each of you choose the route that you did?
4. Share some of the students’ answers with the rest of the class through a facilitated discussion. Ask the class if they can see any common patterns emerging about why they chose the routes that they did (for example, did they choose the path with the fewest number of stops?)
5. In their groups, have students perform the following tasks on each of the routes the group came up with:
• use the Sydney Trains website to work out how long each of the routes would take to travel
• compare these times with the number of stops on each line and the number of times you need to change trains.

6. Have students answer the following questions:

   • Is the shortest journey (in terms of number of stops) always the fastest? If not, why might this be the case?

     Notes:

     • The distances shown on the map are not to scale. The layout of the map is a logical representation of the network rather than an accurate one, so while one way may look shorter than another, it may actually be a longer distance.
     • Trains don’t necessarily stop at every station on every journey.
   • When you need to change trains, does your journey tend to be longer or shorter
   • What other factors haven’t been taken into account that might change the time of your journey?
     • When more people are travelling, does it mean they take longer to get on and off at the stations?
     • What about the rain? Apparently, umbrellas are a major cause of network delays (see the ‘Rain slows down Sydney trains and buses’ article linked in resources section).
7. Finally, ask students (in their groups) how their route might change if one of the following issues arose on the network (choose issues appropriate for each route):
   • trains could not stop at any of the ‘city’ stations (marked with the circle on the map)
   • the student needs to go via a waypoint to collect something on the way to their destination (for example, they need to meet a friend at Parramatta first)
   • trains couldn’t travel through a specific station (for example, Lidcombe)
   • one of the lines was out of action (for example, the Green line).
   Students could answer questions such as:
   • Can you still get to your destination using trains?
   • How has the length of journey been affected?
   • What alternatives might there be to overcome the problem?
8. Have students share their findings with the rest of the class through facilitated discussion and sharing

Learning map and outcomes

Once students have shared their findings with the rest of the class, share the learning intentions for the lesson.

For example, in this activity we will:

• learn how networks fit together, and the various components involved
• learn how data is transmitted through networks
• discuss some of the security issues associated with different types of networks.

You could also focus on the skillset and mindsets that learners might need to adopt and use during this project, this ties in with the Creative and Critical Thinking Capabilities. Read the Skills to teach Digital Technologies for further guidance on this.

Learning input

1. Explain to students that computer networks work in a similar way to transportation networks:
   • just as train networks move people around, computer networks move data around
   • just as there are different ways to get from one place to another on a train network, there are often different ways that data can get from one computer to another on a computer network (such as the Internet)
   • problems with networks can slow down or prevent data from reaching its destination
   • some parts of the network can be more congested than others at different times (just like the city stations), or may be more susceptible to damage or maintenance at particular times.
2. Have students access the HowStuffWorks Tech: How Internet Infrastructure Works resource. (A printable, single-page version of the resource is also available by selecting the ‘Print’ link towards the bottom of the page.) The above example still makes reference to 'dialling in' to the Internet, which is no longer how most people connect. You can use this as an opportunity to talk about how technology has improved over time, and return to this when we explore network performance in the next activity.  
3. Ask them to suggest how the role of each of the following components might be represented in a transportation network:
   • home or business network
   • ISP network
   • router (as an example, this could be an interchange station)
   • IP address
   • node
   • DNS.

There are lots of opportunities to try out some different formative assessment techniques here to gauge the understanding of learners. Try some think, pair, share or one of the other thinking routines found on the formative assessment page.

1. As is always the case with analogies, it is difficult to come up with a perfect mapping between a transportation and computer network, so students may come up with different answers. To determine the ‘correctness’ of the answer, consider whether the student’s answer demonstrates:

   • awareness that the Internet is made up of a number of networks linked together
   • that different components and technologies on the Internet perform different functions
   • the key characteristics of each of the components.

   Have them explain the similarities between the component in the computer network and the transportation network, and use this to assess their learning.

Security extension:

1. Ask students the following questions:
   • How many computers do you have on your network at home?
   • What kind of personal data do you have on those computers?
   • Do you trust the other computers that you have on your network? Do you trust the people that use them?
   • How much of that data would you want other people to be able to access?
   • How do you prevent other people from connecting to your network and accessing your data?

   Students should very quickly identify that one of the ways we prevent people from accessing the data on our computers is to keep them off our network entirely, and we often do that using some kind of password or other security mechanism.

2. Have them think back to the transportation network we've been using in previous activities, and answer the following question:
   • What checks does the train network have in place to prevent unauthorised passengers from boarding the trains?

   Students should come up with some of the following:

   • tickets need to be purchased.
   • gates are installed on platforms that don’t let you enter without a ticket.
   • ticket inspectors randomly check passenger tickets.
3. Ask students the following questions:
   • Can you identify any network infrastructure that performs these kinds of activities?
   • What applications on your computer check for unwanted data or activity?

Examples of security measures that can protect computer networks include: passwords, security settings on routers, firewalls, security certificates, and anti-virus and anti-malware tools.

Learning construction

1. Students will now complete the CS Unplugged Tablets of Stone activity.

   Note that this activity does not require computer access, and should be done in a large space where students can easily move around.

   Some notes about the activity:

   • When selecting a message, make it somewhat meaningful – a credit card number or bank account number is best since it will help stimulate student discussion around the importance of it being accurate (and secure if you do the security variation).
   • The activity indicates that this can be done with a single messenger, but you’ll find it much more interesting (and quicker) with multiple messengers. For every four pairs you will want one or two messengers, so use this ratio (8:1 or 8:2) to work out how to divide the class up.
   • Make sure you have a set of action cards for each messenger, and shuffle them each time you get through the deck so that there is no pattern.

2. Stop the game and discuss the issues mentioned in the activity so that students stay engaged and thinking about the implications of any changes they make to the ‘rules’ of the game.

   Some stimulus questions you could use with students include:

   • How close do the sent messages look to the received messages?
   • If they are different, what could we do to make delivery more reliable?
   • Where could information get lost? What about stolen?

3. You can add a security layer to the game if your students are up for it (it generates some interesting discussion and isn't much more complicated). To do this, read the tablets of stone extension and incorporate the suggestions into the rules.

Stimulus questions for the extension might include:

• What causes messages to not be delivered?
• How could you stop the spy from accessing your messages? Changing them?

The addition of the security checks to the game brings it closer to what occurs in real network communication – computers don’t just accept any communication that is addressed to them, and will often have some mechanism in place to check that the content of the message is accurate and safe.

It is also important to reiterate that computers do not have control over all stages of transmission of data, so the message can easily be intercepted by other computers (our messengers) and potentially read or tampered with.

What implications do students identify from this? Some students will notice that the ‘security’ measures we have put in place for this activity wouldn't be adequate in the real world; this is a simplified version of the techniques used.

4. At the end of the game, have students record their learning through a quick reflection activity (such as  the one described in ‘Learning demo’ below).

   Another way of presenting the communication of messages around a network would be to use the analogy of postcards being sent through the mail system. A good explanation of this was presented by Vinton Cerf and can be found here.

5. Have students reflect on their learning by writing the thing they found most surprising about the activity on a post-it note and putting it on a ‘reflection wall’ in the classroom.

Learning demo

Whole class activity
Encourage students to share their reflection with others, and to explain why they feel that it is important to understand that aspect of network communication.

Note that the reflection here should focus on the lesson content. Questions that might assist with the reflection could include:

• What was the most challenging part of communicating with a messenger?
• What protocols did you put in place to ensure that messages were transmitted correctly?
• How do you think the transfer of data like this works when you’re watching a video? Downloading a file? Playing an online game?

Learning reflection

Have students complete a Plus, Minus, Interesting (PMI) chart on the activity itself, with the focus this time on the way that other students in the class behaved, or on the activity itself (rather than what was being taught).

For example:

• Plus: ‘Sameera’s suggestion that we wait until we hear that the first message got through before sending a second one was really good’.
• Minus: ‘We didn’t have enough messengers at first, and that meant too much waiting around’.
• Interesting: ‘Adding more messengers without changing the rules didn’t fix the problem – we had to think carefully about why things weren’t working before it was solved’.

Note that the examples don’t talk about the content that was learned, but the process of learning that took place.